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SISTEM HUKUM DAN APARATUS NEGARA DI VIETNAM BAGIAN KEDUA APARATUR NEGARA REPUBLIK SOSIALIS VIETNAM Aparat Negara Republik Sosialis Vietnam diatur dan dijalankan berdasarkan prinsip bahwa semua kekuasaan adalah milik rakyat; Kekuasaan negara bersifat seragam dan terdapat pembagian kekuasaan, koordinasi, kontrol antar lembaga negara dalam menjalankan kekuasaan legislatif, eksekutif, dan yudikatif. Aparatur negara Vietnam diselenggarakan pada empat tingkat administrasi, termasuk: tingkat pusat; tingkat provinsi; Kabupaten, kota, kota provinsi, dan tingkat unit administrasi yang setara; Komune, lingkungan dan tingkat kota. Selain itu, ada unit administrasi-ekonomi khusus yang dibentuk oleh Majelis Nasional.
I. MAJELIS NASIONAL 1. Kedudukan dan fungsi Majelis Nasional Majelis Nasional adalah organ perwakilan rakyat tertinggi dan merupakan organ kekuasaan negara tertinggi Republik Sosialis Vietnam. Majelis Nasional menjalankan kekuasaan legislatif, memutuskan hal-hal penting negara dan melakukan pengawasan tertinggi atas kegiatan Negara. Anggota Majelis Nasional mewakili kehendak dan aspirasi rakyat. Mereka dipilih oleh rakyat dalam pemilihan umum untuk bertindak atas nama rakyat untuk menjalankan kekuasaan negara di Majelis Nasional. Mereka menjalankan tugas dan wewenangnya sesuai dengan undang-undang dan tetap berhubungan dekat dengan pemilih dan tunduk pada pengawasan pemilih. Jangka waktu setiap Kongres adalah lima tahun.
2. Tugas dan wewenang Majelis Nasional Pasal 70 Konstitusi Republik Sosialis Vietnam menetapkan bahwa Majelis Nasional memiliki tugas dan wewenang sebagai berikut:
3. Susunan organisasi Majelis Nasional Organ Majelis Nasional termasuk Komite Tetap, Dewan Etnis dan berbagai komite. 3.1. Panitia Tetap Komite Tetap Majelis Nasional adalah badan tetap Majelis Nasional. Ini terdiri dari Ketua, wakil ketua Majelis Nasional dan anggota lainnya. Jumlah anggota Komite Tetap akan diputuskan oleh Majelis Nasional. Anggota Komite Tetap Majelis Nasional tidak dapat merangkap anggota Pemerintah. 3.2. Ketua Majelis Nasional Menurut Undang-Undang Dasar 2013 dan Undang-Undang tentang Organisasi Majelis Nasional, ketua Majelis Nasional: 1. memimpin sidang-sidang Majelis Nasional; 2. menandatangani pengesahan Konstitusi, undang-undang dan keputusan Majelis Nasional; 3. memimpin kerja Panitia Tetap; 4. mengatur penyelenggaraan hubungan luar DPR; 5. menjaga hubungan dengan para deputi MPR. 3.3. Dewan Etnis Dewan Adat terdiri dari Ketua, Wakil Ketua dan anggota lainnya. Dewan Etnis memiliki tanggung jawab untuk merekomendasikan isu-isu yang berkaitan dengan urusan etnis kepada Majelis Nasional; mengawasi pelaksanaan kebijakan, program dan rencana pembangunan sosial ekonomi etnis di daerah pegunungan dan daerah etnis minoritas.
3.4. Komite Majelis Nasional lainnya Komite Majelis Nasional lainnya terdiri dari Ketua, Wakil Ketua dan anggota lainnya. Komite-komite ini bertugas meninjau rancangan undang-undang, proposal pembuatan undang-undang atau laporan sebagaimana ditugaskan oleh Majelis Nasional atau Komite Tetapnya; melakukan pengawasan dalam lingkup tugas dan wewenang yang ditentukan oleh undang-undang; untuk membuat rekomendasi tentang masalah yang berada di bawah kompetensi Komite.
II. PRESIDEN NEGARA 1. Kedudukan dan Fungsi Negara Presiden Presiden Negara adalah Kepala Negara yang bertindak atas nama Republik Sosialis Vietnam dalam urusan dalam dan luar negeri. Presiden Negara Bagian akan dipilih oleh Majelis Nasional dari wakil-wakil Majelis Nasional. Presiden Negara Bagian bertanggung jawab atas, dan melaporkan pekerjaannya kepada Majelis Nasional. Masa jabatan Presiden adalah masa Majelis Nasional. Presiden Negara mengeluarkan perintah dan keputusan untuk menjalankan tugas dan wewenangnya. 2. Tugas dan wewenang Presiden Negara Presiden Negara memiliki tugas dan wewenang sebagai berikut:
III. PEMERINTAH 1. Kedudukan dan fungsi Pemerintah Pemerintah adalah organ administrasi negara tertinggi Republik Sosialis Vietnam, menjalankan kekuasaan eksekutif, menjadi badan eksekutif Majelis Nasional. Pemerintah terdiri dari Perdana Menteri, Wakil Perdana Menteri, menteri dan kepala lembaga setingkat menteri. Perdana Menteri adalah kepala Pemerintahan yang dipilih oleh Majelis Nasional di antara para anggotanya. Pemerintah bekerja secara kolektif, memutuskan berdasarkan mayoritas. Pemerintah bertanggung jawab kepada Majelis Nasional dan melapor kepada Majelis Nasional, Komite Tetap Majelis Nasional dan Presiden Negara Bagian. 2. Tugas dan wewenang Pemerintah Pemerintah mempunyai tugas dan wewenang sebagai berikut:
3. Tugas dan kekuasaan Perdana Menteri Perdana Menteri memiliki tugas dan wewenang sebagai berikut:
4. Tugas dan wewenang menteri dan kepala lembaga setingkat menteri
Menteri, pimpinan lembaga setingkat menteri adalah anggota Pemerintah dan pimpinan kementerian dan lembaga setingkat menteri. Mereka bertanggung jawab atas pengelolaan negara di bidang yang ditugaskan dan untuk mengatur dan memantau pelaksanaan undang-undang di bidang terkait secara nasional. Menteri dan kepala lembaga setingkat menteri melaporkan pekerjaannya di hadapan Pemerintah atau Perdana Menteri; menerapkan rezim pelaporan kepada orang-orang tentang hal-hal penting yang menjadi tanggung jawab mereka.
IV. PENGADILAN RAKYAT Pengadilan Rakyat adalah badan peradilan Republik Sosialis Vietnam dan menjalankan kekuasaan kehakiman. Pengadilan rakyat memiliki tugas melindungi keadilan, hak asasi manusia dan hak warga negara, melindungi rezim sosialis, melindungi kepentingan Negara dan hak-hak yang sah serta kepentingan organisasi dan individu. Sistem organisasi Pengadilan Rakyat Vietnam terdiri dari: Mahkamah Agung Rakyat; Pengadilan Tinggi Rakyat; Pengadilan Rakyat Provinsi: Pengadilan Rakyat Distrik dan pengadilan militer. 1. Mahkamah Agung Rakyat 1.1. Tugas dan wewenang Mahkamah Agung Rakyat Mahkamah Agung Rakyat adalah organ peradilan tertinggi Republik Sosialis Vietnam yang memiliki tugas dan wewenang sebagai berikut:
1.2. Struktur organisasi Mahkamah Agung Rakyat Mahkamah Agung Rakyat terdiri dari Ketua Mahkamah Agung, Wakil Ketua Mahkamah Agung, hakim, pemeriksa, panitera dan pegawai negeri lainnya, pegawai negeri, dan pegawai. Perangkat organisasi Mahkamah Agung Rakyat meliputi: Majelis Hakim, aparat pembantu dan lembaga pembinaan dan pembinaan aparatur pengadilan. Dewan Hakim Mahkamah Agung Rakyat memiliki antara 13 dan 17 anggota, termasuk Ketua Mahkamah Agung, Wakil Ketua Mahkamah Agung, dan Hakim. Majelis Hakim Mahkamah Agung mempunyai tugas dan wewenang sebagai berikut:
2. Pengadilan Tinggi Rakyat 2.1. Tugas dan wewenang Pengadilan Tinggi Rakyat
2.2. Struktur organisasi Pengadilan Tinggi Rakyat Pengadilan Tinggi Rakyat memiliki ketua, wakil ketua, hakim, dan pejabat lainnya. Perangkat organisasinya meliputi Panitia Hakim; pengadilan khusus dan aparat pembantu. Majelis Hakim Pengadilan Tinggi Rakyat terdiri dari Ketua Mahkamah Agung, Wakil Ketua Mahkamah Agung, dan sejumlah hakim senior yang disetujui oleh Ketua Mahkamah Agung atas usul Ketua Mahkamah Agung Rakyat. Pengadilan khusus dari Pengadilan Tinggi meliputi: Pengadilan Pidana, Pengadilan Perdata, Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara, Pengadilan Ekonomi, Pengadilan Perburuhan, Pengadilan Keluarga dan Pengadilan Anak. Peradilan khusus Pengadilan Tinggi Rakyat mempunyai tugas untuk mempertimbangkan banding atas putusan tingkat pertama atau putusan pengadilan rakyat provinsi yang belum berlaku dan berada di bawah yurisdiksi teritorial Pengadilan Tinggi. - Aparat pembantu Pengadilan Tinggi meliputi kantor tata usaha dan unit-unit lainnya. 3. Pengadilan Rakyat Propinsi 3.1. Tugas dan wewenang pengadilan rakyat provinsi:
3.2. Struktur organisasi pengadilan rakyat provinsi meliputi:
4. Pengadilan Negeri Rakyat 4.1. Pengadilan Negeri mempunyai tugas dan wewenang untuk menyelenggarakan perkara tingkat pertama menurut undang-undang dan menangani perkara lain yang ditentukan dengan undang-undang. 4.2. Struktur Pengadilan Rakyat Distrik dapat mencakup Pengadilan Pidana, Pengadilan Negeri, Pengadilan Keluarga dan Anak, Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara. Jika perlu, Komite Tetap Majelis Nasional dapat mengizinkan pembentukan pengadilan khusus lainnya atas permintaan ketua Mahkamah Agung Rakyat. 5. Pengadilan militer Peradilan militer meliputi: Peradilan Militer Pusat, Peradilan Militer Zona dan Peradilan Militer Daerah. 5.1. Pengadilan Militer Pusat 5.1.1. Tugas dan wewenang Pengadilan Militer Pusat
5.1.2. Susunan organisasi Pengadilan Militer Pusat terdiri dari ketua Mahkamah Agung, Wakil Ketua Mahkamah Agung, Panitia Hakim, Pengadilan Tinggi dan aparat pembantu. 5.2. Pengadilan Militer Zona 5.2.1. Tugas dan wewenang pengadilan militer zona
5.2.2. Susunan organisasi peradilan militer zona: terdiri dari ketua hakim, wakil ketua hakim, panitia hakim dan aparat pembantu. 5.3. Pengadilan militer daerah 5.3.1. Tugas dan wewenang pengadilan militer daerah
6. Hakim 6.1. Tingkat juri: Hakim adalah orang yang memenuhi syarat dan kriteria yang ditentukan oleh undang-undang dan diangkat oleh Presiden Negara. Juri diberi peringkat s sebagai berikut:
6.2. Ketentuan juri: Istilah awal seorang hakim adalah lima tahun; Jika mereka diangkat kembali, masa jabatan berikutnya adalah 10 tahun. 6.3. Kriteria Juri Hakim harus memenuhi kriteria umum berikut:
V. KEJAKSAAN RAKYAT 1. Fungsi, Tugas dan Wewenang Kejaksaan Rakyat Kejaksaan Rakyat menjalankan hak untuk menuntut dan mengawasi kegiatan peradilan. Kejaksaan Rakyat memiliki tugas melindungi hukum, hak asasi manusia dan hak warga negara, melindungi rezim sosialis, kepentingan Negara dan hak-hak yang sah dan kepentingan organisasi dan individu, memastikan bahwa hukum dilaksanakan secara ketat dan konsisten. Kejaksaan Rakyat mempunyai tugas dan wewenang sebagai berikut:
2. Susunan organisasi Kejaksaan Rakyat Struktur Kejaksaan Rakyat terdiri atas: Kejaksaan Agung; Ketahanan Tinggi Rakyat; Kejaksaan Rakyat Provinsi; Kejaksaan Rakyat Kabupaten; Kejaksaan Militer di semua tingkatan. 2.1. Kejaksaan Agung Rakyat 2.1.1. Tugas dan kekuasaan Kejaksaan Agung menjalankan hak untuk menuntut dan mengawasi kegiatan peradilan, memastikan kepatuhan yang ketat dan seragam terhadap hukum. 2.1.2. Struktur organisasi: Kejaksaan Agung memiliki direktur, wakil direktur, prokurator, pengawas, kepala dan wakil kepala badan investigasi, penyelidik, pejabat, karyawan, dan buruh lainnya. Perangkat organisasinya meliputi Panitia Kejaksaan, Kantor Administrasi, Badan Inspeksi, departemen, lembaga, lembaga pelatihan, lembaga pers dan lembaga pelayanan publik lainnya dan Kejaksaan Pusat Militer. Panitia Kejaksaan terdiri dari direktur, wakil direktur dan sejumlah prokurator Kejaksaan Rakyat Tertinggi sebagaimana diputuskan oleh Komite Tetap Majelis Nasional atas usul Direktur Kejaksaan Agung Rakyat. Rapat Panitia Pengadaan dipimpin oleh Direktur untuk membahas dan memutuskan hal-hal penting sebagai berikut:
2.2. Kejaksaan Tinggi Rakyat 2.2.1. Tugas dan kekuasaan Kejaksaan Tinggi Rakyat menjalankan hak untuk menuntut dan mengawasi kegiatan peradilan yang berkaitan dengan kasus-kasus yang berada di bawah kompetensi pengadilan tinggi rakyat. 2.2.2. Struktur organisasi Kejaksaan Tinggi Rakyat memiliki Direktur, Wakil Direktur, prokurator, inspektur, pegawai negeri, dan buruh lainnya. Aparatnya meliputi:
Panitia Kejaksaan Tinggi Rakyat terdiri dari: Direktur, wakil direktur Kejaksaan Tinggi Rakyat dan beberapa prokurator yang diputuskan oleh Direktur Kejaksaan Agung atas usul Direktur Kejaksaan Tinggi Rakyat. Rapat Panitia Kejaksaan dipimpin oleh Direktur Kejaksaan Agung untuk membahas dan memutuskan hal-hal penting sebagai berikut:
2.3. Kejaksaan Rakyat Provinsi 2.3.1. Tugas dan kekuasaan Badan Kejaksaan Provinsi melaksanakan hak penuntutan dan pengawasan kegiatan peradilan di provinsi dan kotanya masing-masing. 2.3.2. Struktur organisasi: Kejaksaan Rakyat Provinsi mempunyai direktur, wakil direktur, prokurator, inspektur, pegawai negeri dan buruh lainnya. Perangkat organisasinya terdiri dari:
2.4. Pengadaan Rakyat Kabupaten 2.4.1. Tugas dan wewenang: Kejaksaan Rakyat Distrik menggunakan hak untuk menuntut dan mengawasi kegiatan peradilan di dalam distrik mereka. 2.4.2. Struktur organisasi: Kejaksaan Rakyat Kabupaten memiliki direktur, wakil direktur, prokurator, inspektur, PNS dan buruh lainnya. Organisasinya terdiri dari:
2.5. Kejaksaan Militer di semua tingkatan 2.5.1. Tugas dan kekuasaan Kejaksaan militer diselenggarakan di Tentara Rakyat Vietnam untuk menggunakan hak penuntutan, mengawasi kegiatan peradilan di ketentaraan, memastikan keamanan, pertahanan nasional, disiplin dan kekuatan tempur militer, melindungi hak dan kepentingan sah personel militer, pegawai negeri, karyawan dan buruh lainnya di ketentaraan, memastikan bahwa semua pelanggaran dan pelanggaran hukum ditangani dengan tegas. 2.5.2. Sistem pengadaan militer
3. Prokurator: Kejaksaan diangkat sesuai dengan undang-undang untuk melakukan fungsi penuntutan dan pengawasan kegiatan peradilan. Pangkat kejaksaan meliputi:
Semua prokurator harus memenuhi kriteria berikut:
Presiden Negara Bagian akan mengangkat dan memberhentikan para prokurator dari Kejaksaan Agung Rakyat sebagaimana ditentukan. Direktur Kejaksaan Agung akan menunjuk kejaksaan primer, kejaksaan menengah dan kejaksaan senior. Procurator diangkat untuk pertama kali untuk jangka waktu 5 tahun; Dalam kasus di mana mereka diangkat kembali atau dipromosikan, durasinya adalah 10 tahun. Masa jabatan awal seorang prokurator adalah lima tahun; Jika mereka diangkat kembali, masa jabatan berikutnya adalah 10 tahun.
VI. PEMERINTAH LOKAL
1. Sistem pemerintahan daerah Sistem pemerintahan lokal di berbagai unit administratif Republik Sosialis Vietnam meliputi:
2. Struktur organisasi pemerintah daerah Pemerintah daerah pada setiap tingkatan terdiri dari Dewan Rakyat dan Panitia Rakyat yang diselenggarakan sesuai dengan karakter masing-masing unit administrasi (pedesaan, perkotaan, pulau atau unit ekonomi-administrasi khusus). 2.1. Dewan Rakyat Dewan Rakyat adalah pemerintah daerah, mewakili kehendak, aspirasi dan kepemimpinan rakyat, dipilih oleh rakyat setempat, bertanggung jawab kepada rakyat setempat dan penguasa Negara yang lebih tinggi. Dewan Rakyat memutuskan masalah lokal seperti yang ditentukan oleh undang-undang dan mengawasi kepatuhan terhadap Konstitusi dan undang-undang di daerah dan pelaksanaan keputusan Dewan Rakyat. 2.2. Panitia Rakyat Komite Rakyat dipilih oleh Dewan Rakyat setingkat dengan badan eksekutif Dewan Rakyat dan badan administrasi negara di tingkat lokal. Mereka bertanggung jawab kepada Dewan Rakyat yang setingkat dan lembaga penyelenggara Negara yang lebih tinggi. Komite Rakyat bertugas mengatur pelaksanaan Konstitusi, undang-undang dan keputusan Dewan Rakyat di daerah masing-masing dan melakukan tugas-tugas lain yang diberikan oleh lembaga Negara atasan. 3. Tugas dan wewenang pemerintah daerah
VII. DEWAN PEMILU NASIONAL Dewan Pemilihan Nasional adalah badan yang dibentuk oleh Majelis Nasional, yang mempunyai tugas menyelenggarakan pemilihan wakil-wakil Majelis Nasional, mengarahkan dan membimbing pemilihan wakil-wakil Dewan Rakyat pada semua tingkatan. Dewan Pemilihan Nasional terdiri dari Presiden, Wakil Presiden, dan Anggota.
Organisasi khusus, tugas dan wewenang Dewan Pemilihan Nasional dan jumlah anggotanya ditentukan oleh undang-undang.
VIII. PEMERIKSAAN NEGARA Audit Negara adalah badan yang dibentuk oleh Majelis Nasional, yang beroperasi secara independen dan hanya tunduk pada hukum. Tugasnya mengaudit pengelolaan dan penggunaan APBN dan aset publik. Auditor Jenderal Negara adalah kepala Pemeriksa Negara, yang dipilih oleh Majelis Nasional. Masa jabatannya ditentukan oleh undang-undang. Auditor Jenderal Negara melaporkan hasil pemeriksaan dan hasil kerja kepada Majelis Nasional. Di sela-sela sidang Majelis Nasional, Auditor Jenderal Negara melapor kepada Komite Tetap Majelis Nasional. Fungsi, tugas, dan wewenang khusus Pemeriksaan Negara diatur dengan undang-undang. SISTEM HUKUM DAN APARATUS NEGARA DI VIETNAM
BAGIAN KETIGA PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA DI LUAR PENGADILAN I. MEDIASI Mediasi tingkat akar rumput adalah cara penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan. Itu terbentuk dan ada sepanjang sejarah bangsa Vietnam. Secara tradisional, mediasi dilakukan oleh orang-orang terpandang seperti sesepuh desa, kepala desa, kepala keluarga, sesepuh lain yang memiliki prestise di masyarakat. Untuk mempromosikan peran dan nilai mediasi akar rumput, pada tahun 2013 telah diterbitkan undang-undang tentang mediasi tingkat akar rumput. Di bawah undang-undang mediasi tingkat akar rumput tahun 2013, sengketa kecil rakyat dapat diselesaikan dengan bantuan mediator di tingkat akar rumput. Mediator adalah mereka yang memiliki kualitas moral yang baik, prestise di masyarakat, kemampuan meyakinkan dan menggerakkan orang, memiliki pengetahuan hukum dan partisipasi sukarela dalam kegiatan mediasi. Mediator dipilih oleh masyarakat di wilayah pemukiman mereka. Tim mediasi adalah organisasi rakyat mandiri yang didirikan di tingkat akar rumput untuk mendamaikan konflik, perselisihan, dan pelanggaran hukum. Sejak lahirnya UU mediasi di tingkat akar rumput, jumlah dan kualitas tim mediasi dan mediator meningkat secara signifikan. Sejauh ini, Vietnam memiliki ratusan ribu tim mediasi di tingkat akar rumput dengan puluhan ribu mediator. Mediator dan tim mediasi telah mempromosikan peran mereka di masyarakat, secara efektif menjalankan tugas yang diberikan sesuai dengan prinsip dan peraturan tentang mediasi di tingkat akar rumput.
II. ARBITRASE KOMERSIAL Dalam konteks perkembangan ekonomi pasar, integrasi internasional dan regional, penyelesaian sengketa melalui arbitrase komersial di Vietnam semakin terfokus, jumlah kasus yang diselesaikan oleh pusat arbitrase cenderung meningkat. Pada tahun 2010, Undang-Undang Arbitrase Komersial diundangkan, memberikan dasar hukum yang lebih lengkap, seragam dan menguntungkan untuk pengembangan organisasi arbitrase, arbiter dan penyelesaian sengketa dengan metode arbitrase semakin efektif. Saat ini, terdapat 21 organisasi arbitrase komersial di Vietnam dengan hampir 500 arbiter. Undang-Undang Arbitrase Komersial tahun 2010 menetapkan kategori sengketa yang termasuk dalam yurisdiksi Arbitrase dan prinsip penyelesaian sengketa melalui arbitrase, yaitu:
Penyelesaian sengketa melalui arbitrase dilakukan tanpa publisitas, kecuali diperjanjikan lain oleh para pihak;
Kriteria arbiter
Orang yang tidak diperbolehkan menjadi arbiter:
Beberapa pusat Arbitrase mungkin menetapkan standar yang lebih tinggi untuk arbiter mereka daripada yang ditentukan di atas.
SISTEM HUKUM DAN APARATUS NEGARA DI VIETNAM BAGIAN KEEMPAT ASOSIASI PROFESIONAL HUKUM
I. ASOSIASI PENGACARA VIETNAM: Asosiasi Pengacara Vietnam didirikan pada tanggal 4 April 1955. Asosiasi Pengacara Vietnam adalah organisasi kejuruan terluas dan terbesar dari para profesional terkait hukum di negara ini. Menurut piagamnya, Asosiasi tersebut adalah organisasi sosial dan politik warga negara Vietnam yang telah bekerja sebagai pengacara di organisasi negara atau non-negara. Asosiasi Pengacara memiliki tugas dan wewenang sebagai berikut:
Selama 60 tahun terakhir perkembangannya, Asosiasi Pengacara Vietnam (VLA) telah menjadi organisasi pengacara Vietnam terbesar. Saat ini VLA memiliki 63.000 anggota, dengan jaringan luas di seluruh negeri di semua tingkatan, termasuk Asosiasi Pengacara Vietnam Tengah yang berbasis di Hanoi, satu Asosiasi Pengacara Provinsi di masing-masing 63 provinsi, Asosiasi Pengacara Distrik di tingkat distrik dan komune Asosiasi Pengacara di tingkat komune. Organ tertinggi dari Asosiasi adalah Kongres Nasional Perwakilan. Itu bertemu setiap lima tahun sekali dan memutuskan masalah paling penting mengenai organisasi dan kegiatan Asosiasi. Komite Eksekutif Pusat Asosiasi adalah badan yang bertindak di antara pertemuan Kongres. Anggotanya dipilih di Kongres Nasional. Komite Eksekutif memilih Komite Tetap, yang terdiri dari 20 atau lebih (tergantung pada keputusan Kongres Nasional setiap periode) perwakilan dari berbagai cabang VLA. Komite Tetap secara bergiliran memilih Presiden, Wakil Presiden, Sekretaris Jenderal, yang akan membentuk Dewan Permanen VLA.
II. FEDERASI BAR VIETNAM 1. Fungsi dan jaringan Federasi Pengacara Vietnam Vietnam Bar Federation (VBF) didirikan untuk mewakili dan melindungi hak dan kepentingan pengacara yang sah, untuk memberikan pelatihan bagi pengacara, untuk mengawasi ketaatan hukum, aturan etika dan perilaku pengacara dan mengelola praktik pengacara sesuai dengan hukum . VBF memiliki jaringan Federasi Pengacara di tingkat pusat dan asosiasi pengacara provinsi di tingkat provinsi (63 Asosiasi Pengacara di 63 provinsi). 2. Federasi Pengacara Vietnam di tingkat pusat - Federasi Pengacara Vietnam adalah organisasi sosial-profesional pengacara nasional, yang mewakili pengacara dan asosiasi pengacara, memiliki status badan hukum dan beroperasi berdasarkan prinsip swadana melalui biaya keanggotaan, kontribusi anggota dan pendapatan sah lainnya. - Anggota VBF adalah asosiasi pengacara provinsi dan pengacara perorangan. Pengacara berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan Federasi Pengacara Vietnam melalui Asosiasi Pengacara provinsi tempat mereka melamar keanggotaan. VBF memiliki kewajiban untuk mewakili dan melindungi hak dan kepentingan yang sah dari asosiasi pengacara provinsi dan pengacara nasional; mengawasi pelaksanaan hukum dan Piagam VBF oleh pengacara dan asosiasi pengacara provinsi; meminta Kementerian Kehakiman untuk mencabut sertifikat praktik hukum pengacara bila diperlukan; menerbitkan dan mengawasi pelaksanaan Kode Etik dan Perilaku Profesi Advokat; menyelenggarakan pelatihan hukum untuk pengacara; serta tugas dan wewenang lain yang ditentukan oleh undang-undang. 3. Asosiasi Pengacara Provinsi Asosiasi Pengacara Provinsi (PBA) adalah organisasi sosial-profesional pengacara di provinsi-provinsi yang beroperasi di bawah Undang-Undang tentang Pengacara dan Piagam Federasi Pengacara Vietnam. PBA beroperasi berdasarkan prinsip swadana melalui iuran anggota, iuran anggota, dan sumber pendapatan sah lainnya. Di setiap provinsi yang paling sedikit terdapat tiga pengacara, PBA dapat dibentuk. Panitia Rakyat provinsi mengesahkan pendirian PBAS setelah mendapat persetujuan Menteri Kehakiman. 4. Praktek firma hukum asing dan pengacara asing di Vietnam Firma hukum asing yang didirikan dan dioperasikan secara sah di negara asing dapat diizinkan untuk berpraktik di Vietnam sesuai dengan Hukum Vietnam tentang Pengacara jika mereka sepenuhnya memenuhi persyaratan berikut:
Firma hukum asing dapat memberikan nasihat hukum tentang hukum asing dan menugaskan pengacara Vietnam yang bekerja di kantor mereka untuk memberikan nasihat hukum tentang hukum Vietnam. Tetapi mereka tidak diperbolehkan menunjuk pengacara asing atau pengacara Vietnam yang bekerja di kantor mereka untuk mewakili klien di pengadilan Vietnam atau memberikan dokumen hukum dan notaris yang berkaitan dengan hukum Vietnam.
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LEGAL SYSTEM AND STATE APPARATUS IN VIETNAM PART TWO THE STATE APPARATUS OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM The State apparatus of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is organized and operated on the principle that all power belongs to the people; State power is uniform and there is division of power, coordination, control between the state agencies in performing the legislative, executive and judicial powers. The state apparatus of Vietnam is organized at four levels of administration, including: central level; Province level; Districts, towns, provincial cities and equivalent administrative units level; Communes, wards and towns level. In addition, there are special administrative-economic units established by the National Assembly. I. THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 1. Status and function of the National Assembly The National Assembly is the highest representative organ of the people and is the highest state power organ of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The National Assembly exercises the legislative power, decides important matters of the country and conducts supreme supervision over the activities of the State. Members of the National Assembly represent the will and aspirations of the people. They are elected by the people in a general election to act on behalf of the people to exercise state power in the National Assembly. They perform their tasks and powers according to the law and keep close contact with voters and are subject to voters' supervision. The term of each Congress is five years. 2. Duties and powers of the National Assembly Article 70 of the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam stipulates that the National Assembly has the following duties and powers:
3. The organizational structure of the National Assembly The National Assembly organs include the Standing Committee, the Ethnic Council and various committees. 3.1. The Standing Committee The Standing Committee of the National Assembly is the standing body of the National Assembly. It consists of Chairman, the deputy chairmen of the National Assembly and other members. The number of members of the Standing Committee shall be decided by the National Assembly. Members of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly cannot be concurrently members of the Government. 3.2. Chairman of National Assembly According to the Constitution of 2013 and the Law on the Organization of the National Assembly, the chairman of the National Assembly shall: 1. preside over sessions of the National Assembly; 2. sign the authentication of the Constitution, laws and resolutions of the National Assembly; 3. lead the work of the Standing Committee; 4. organize the implementation of the National Assembly's external relations; 5. maintain the relationship with National Assembly deputies. 3.3. Ethnic Council The Ethnic Council consists of the Chairperson, Vice Chairpersons and other members. The Ethnic Council has the responsibility to recommend issues relating to ethnic affairs to the National Assembly; to supervise the implementation of ethnic policies, programs and plans for socio-economic development in mountainous regions and ethnic minority regions. 3.4. Other Committees of the National Assembly The other Committees of the National Assembly are composed of the Chairperson, Vice Chairpersons and other members. These Committees are tasked to review draft laws, law making proposals or reports as assigned by the National Assembly or its Standing Committee; to exercise supervision within the ambit of tasks and powers prescribed by law; to make recommendations on any issues falling under the competence of the Committees. III. STATE PRESIDENT 1. Position and functions of the State President The State President is the Head of State acting on behalf of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on domestic and foreign affairs. The State President shall be elected by the National Assembly from the National Assembly deputies. The State President shall be responsible for, and report on his / her work to the National Assembly. The term of office of the President is the term of the National Assembly. The State President issues orders and decisions to perform his/her tasks and powers. 2. Tasks and powers of the State President The State President has the following tasks and powers:
IV. GOVERNMENT 1. Position and functions of the Government The Government is the highest state administrative organ of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, exercising the executive power, being the executive body of the National Assembly. The Government is composed of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers, ministers and heads of ministerial-level agencies. The Prime Minister is the head of the Government elected by the National Assembly among its members. The government works collectively, decides by majority. The Government is accountable to the National Assembly and reports to the National Assembly, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly and the State President. 2. Duties and powers of the Government The Government has the following duties and powers:
3. Tasks and powers of the Prime Minister The Prime Minister shall have the following tasks and powers:
4. Tasks and powers of ministers and heads of ministerial-level agencies Ministers, heads of ministerial-level agencies are members of the Government and heads of ministries and ministerial-level agencies. They are responsible for state management in the assigned field and for organizing and monitoring the implementation of laws in their related fields nationwide. Ministers and heads of the ministerial-level agencies shall report on their work before the Government or the Prime Minister; implement the regime of reporting to the people on important matters falling under their responsibility. V. PEOPLE'S COURTS The People's Courts are the adjudicating body of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and exercise the judicial power. The people's courts have the task of protecting justice, human rights and citizens' rights, protecting the socialist regime, protecting the interests of the State and the legitimate rights and interests of organizations and individuals. The organizational system of the People's Courts of Vietnam consists of: the Supreme People's Court; the People's High Court; Provincial People's Courts: District People's Courts and the military courts. 1. The Supreme People's Court 1.1. Tasks and powers of the Supreme People's Court The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial organ of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam having the following tasks and powers:
1.2. The organizational structure of the Supreme People's Court The Supreme People's Court is composed of a Chief Justice, Deputy Chief Justices, judges, examiners, court clerks and other public servants, civil servants and employees. The organizational apparatus of the Supreme People's Court includes: Council of Judges, assisting apparatus and the institution for training and fostering of court officials. The Judges' Council of the Supreme People's Court has between 13 and 17 members, including the Chief Justice, deputy-chief justices and judges. The Judges' Council of the Supreme People's Court has the following tasks and powers:
2. The People's High Court 2.1. Tasks and powers of the People's High Court
2.2. The organizational structure of the People's High Court The People's High Courts shall have a chief justice, deputy chief justices, judges and other officials. Its organizational apparatus includes the Judges' Committee; specialized courts and assisting apparatus. The Judges Committee of the People's High Court is composed of the chief justice, deputy chief justices and a number of senior judges approved by the Chief Justice of the Supreme People's Court at the proposal of the Chief Justice of the People's High Court. Specialized Courts of the High Court include: Criminal Court, Civil Court, Administrative Court, Economic Court, Labor Court, Family and Juvenile Court. The specialized courts of the People's High Courts have the task to consider the appeal of the first instance judgments or decisions of the provincial people's courts that have not yet entered into force and fall under territorial jurisdiction of the High Court. - The assisting apparatus of the High Court includes administrative office and other units. 3. Provincial People's Court 3.1. Tasks and powers of the provincial people's courts:
3.2. The organizational structure of the provincial people's court includes: - chief justice, deputy chief justices and provincial judges; - Judges Committee; - Specialized Courts, including: Criminal Court, Civil Court, Administrative Court, Labor Court, Family and Juvenile Court; - Assisting apparatus. 4. District People's Court 4.1. District People's Courts shall have the tasks and powers to conduct first-instance cases according to the law and to handle other matters as prescribed by law. 4.2. District People's Courts structure may include Criminal Court, Civil Court, Family and Juvenile Court, Administrative Court. If necessary, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly can permit to establish other specialized courts at the request of the chief justice of the Supreme People's Court. 5. Military courts Military courts include: Central Military Court, zone military courts and regional military courts. 5.1. Central Military Court 5.1.1. Tasks and powers of the Central Military Court
5.1.2. The organizational structure of the Central Military Court is composed of the chief justice, deputy chief justices, Judges Committee, Appellate Court and the assisting apparatus. 5.2. Zone Military Courts 5.2.1. Tasks and powers of the zone military courts
5.2.2. The organizational structure of the zone military court: consists of the chief justice, deputy chief justices, judges committee and assisting apparatus. 5.3. The regional military court 5.3.1. Tasks and powers of the regional military courts
6. Judges 6.1. Judge levels: Judges are persons who meet conditions and criteria as prescribed by the law and appointed by the State President. Judges are ranked s follows: - Supreme People's Court Judges; - High Court judges; - Intermediate judges; - Primary Judges. 6.2. Judges' terms: The initial terms of a judge is five years; If they are re-appointed, the subsequent term shall be 10 years. 6.3. Criteria for Judges Judges should meet the following general criteria:
VI. PEOPLE'S PROCURACY 1. Functions, tasks and powers of the People's Procuracies The People's Procuracy exercises the right to prosecution and supervises judiciary activities. The People's Procuracy has the task of protecting the law, human rights and citizens' rights, protecting socialist regime, interests of the State and legitimate rights and interests of organizations and individuals, ensuring that the law is implemented strictly and consistently. The People's Procuracy has the following tasks and powers:
2. The organizational structure of the People's Procuracy The structure of People's Procuracies is composed of: the Supreme People's Procuracy; People's High Procuracy; Provincial People's Procuracy; District People's Procuracy; Military Procuracy at all levels. 2.1. Supreme People's Procuracy 2.1.1. Tasks and powers The Supreme People's Procuracy exercises the right to prosecution and supervise the judiciary activities, ensuring strict and uniform compliance with the law. 2.1.2. Organizational structure: The Supreme People's Procuracy has a director, deputy-directors, procurators, supervisors, the heads and deputy heads of the investigating bodies, investigators, officials, employees and other laborers. Its organizational apparatus includes the Procuracy Committee, Administrative Office, Inspection agency, departments, institutes, training institutions, press agencies and other public service delivery agencies and Central Military Procuracy. The Procuracy Committee is composed of the director, deputy-directors and a number of procurators of the Supreme People's Procuracy as decided by the National Assembly Standing Committee at the proposal of the Supreme People's Procuracy Director. The Procuracy Committee meetings are chaired by the Director to discuss and decide the following important issues:
2.2. People's High Procuracy 2.2.1. Tasks and powers People's High procuracies exercise the right to prosecution and supervise judiciary activities related to cases falling under the competence of the people's high courts. 2.2.2. Organizational structure The People's High Procuracy has a Director, Deputy Directors, procurators, inspectors, public servants and other laborers. Its apparatus includes: a) Procuracy Committee; b) Administration Office; c) Institutes and the equivalent The Procuracy Committee of the People's High Procuracy is composed of: Director, deputy directors of the People's High Procuracy and some procurators as decided by the Director of the Supreme People's Procuracy at the proposal of the Director of the People's High Procuracy. The Procuracy Committee meetings are chaired by the Director of People's High Procuracy to discuss and decide the following important issues:
2.3. Provincial People's Procuracy 2.3.1. Tasks and powers Provincial People's Procuracies exercise the right to prosecution and supervise judiciary activities within their respective provinces and cities. 2.3.2. Organizational structure: Provincial People's Procuracy has a director, deputy directors, procurators, inspectors, public servants and other laborers. Its organizational apparatus consists of: a) Procuracy Committee; b) Administration Office; c) Divisions and the equivalent. 2.4. District People's Procuracies 2.4.1. Tasks and powers: The District People's Procuracies exercise the right to prosecution and supervise judiciary activities within their districts. 2.4.2. Organizational structure: A District People's Procuracy has a director, deputy directors, procurators, inspectors, civil servants and other laborers. Its organizational is composed of: a) Administration Office; b) Professional sections; c) For places where conditions do not allow, working teams can replace professional sections. 2.5. Military Procuracy at all levels 2.5.1. Tasks and powers Military procuracies are organized in the Vietnam People's Army to exercise the right to prosecution, supervise judicial activities in the army, ensure security, national defense, discipline and combat power of the military, protect the legitimate rights and interests of military personnel, public servants, employees and other laborers in the army, ensure that all offenses and violations of law are strictly addressed. 2.5.2. The system of military procuracy a) Central Military Procuracy: b) Zone Military Procuracies and the equivalent; c) Regional military procuracy. 3. Procurators: Procurator are appointed in accordance with the law to perform the function of prosecution and judiciary activities supervision. Procuratorial Ranks include: a / Procurators of the Supreme People's Procuracy; b / Senior Procurators; c / Intermediate procurators; d / Primary procurators. All procurators should meet the following criteria:
The State President shall appoint and dismiss the procurators of the Supreme People's Procuracy as prescribed. The Director of the Supreme People's Procuracy shall appoint primary procurators, intermediate procurators and senior procurators. Procurators shall be appointed for the first time for a term of 5 years; In cases where they are re-appointed or promoted, the duration shall be 10 years. The initial terms of a procurator is five years; If they are re-appointed, the subsequent term shall be 10 years. VII. LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1. Local government system Local government system in different administrative units of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam includes: 1) Provincial/city governments; 2) District/ town governments; 3) Commune/ward governments; 4) Special administrative-economic unit established by the National Assembly. 2. Organizational structure of local governments The local government at each level consists of People's Council and People's Committee organized suitably to the characters of each administrative unit (rural, urban, island or special administrative-economic units). 2.1. People's Council The People's Council is the local authority, representing the will, aspirations and mastership of the people, elected by the local people, responsible to the local people and the superior State authorities. The People's Council decides local issues as prescribed by law and supervises the observance of the Constitution and laws in the localities and the implementation of resolutions of the People's Councils. 2.2. People's Committee People's committees are elected by the People's Councils of the same level as the executive bodies of the People's Councils and the State administrative bodies at local level. They are responsible to the People's Councils of the same level and superior State administration agencies. The People's Committees are in charge of organizing the implementation of the Constitution, laws and resolutions of the People's Councils in their respective localities and performing other tasks assigned by the superior State agencies. 3. Tasks and powers of the local government
VIII. COUNCIL OF NATIONAL ELECTION The National Election Council is an agency set up by the National Assembly, which has the task of organizing the election of deputies to the National Assembly, directing and guiding the election of deputies to the People's Councils at all levels. The National Election Council is composed of the President, Vice-Presidents and the Members. The specific organization, tasks and powers of the National Election Council and its number of members is prescribed by the law. IX. STATE AUDIT The State Audit is an agency set up by the National Assembly, which operates independently and obeys only the law. It's in charge of auditing the management and use of State budget and public assets. The State Auditor General is the head of the State Audit, elected by the National Assembly. His/her term of office is prescribed by law. The State Auditor General reports the audit results and work results to the National Assembly. Between sessions of the National Assembly, State Auditor General reports to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly. The specific functions, tasks and powers of the State Audit are prescribed by law. LEGAL SYSTEM AND STATE APPARATUS IN VIETNAM PART THREE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT OUTSIDE THE COURT I. MEDIATION Grassroots level mediation is a way of resolving disputes outside the court. It was formed and existed throughout the history of the Vietnamese nation. Traditionally, mediation has been performed by prestigious people such as village elders, village chiefs, heads of family lines, other elders with prestige in the community. In order to promote the role and value of grassroots mediation, in 2013, the law on grassroots level mediation was issued. Under the grassroots level mediation law of 2013, people's minor disputes can be resolved with the help of mediators at the grassroots level. Mediators are those who have good moral qualities, prestige in the community, capability of convincing and mobilizing people, have knowledge of law and voluntary participation in mediation activities. Mediators are elected by the people in their residential areas. The mediation team is a self-governing organization of the people established at the grassroots level to reconcile the conflicts, disputes and violations of law. Since the issuance of the Law on mediation at the grassroots level, the number and quality of mediation teams and mediators have increased significantly. So far, Vietnam has had hundreds of thousands of mediation teams at grassroots level with tens of thousands of mediator. Mediators and mediation teams have promoted their roles in the community, effectively carrying out their assigned tasks in accordance with the principles and regulations on mediation at the grassroots level. II. COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION In the context of the development of the market economy, international and regional integration, the settlement of disputes by means of commercial arbitration in Vietnam has been increasingly focused, the number of cases settled by the arbitration centers tends to increase. In 2010, the Commercial Arbitration Law was promulgated, providing a more complete, uniform and favorable legal basis for the development of arbitration organizations, arbitrators and the settlement of disputes by arbitration method is increasingly effective. At present, there are 21 commercial arbitration organizations in Vietnam with nearly 500 arbitrators. The Commercial Arbitration Act of 2010 specifies the categories of disputes falling within the jurisdiction of the Arbitration and the principles for the settlement of disputes by arbitration, namely: - Arbitrators must respect for the agreement of the parties if the agreement does not violate the prohibitions in the law and social morals; - Arbitrators must be independent, impartial, objective and must comply with the provisions of law; - The parties to the dispute are equal in rights and obligations. The arbitration council shall have the responsibility to create conditions for them to exercise their rights and perform their obligations; Dispute settlement by arbitration is conducted without publicity, unless otherwise agreed by the parties; - Arbitration judgment is final. Criteria for arbitrators a) Having full civil act capacity under the provisions of the Civil Code; b) Having university degrees and having worked in the field of study for 5 years or more; c) In special cases, specialists with high professional qualifications and practical experience, but fail to meet the requirements specified at Point b, may also be selected as arbitrators. Persons who are not allowed to be arbitrators: a) Persons currently serving as judges, procurators, investigators, judgment executors or employees of People's Courts, People's Procuracies, investigating bodies and judgment execution bodies; b) Persons who are currently serving as defendants, serving criminal sentences or having served sentences but have not yet been remitted. Some Arbitration centers may prescribe higher standards for their arbitrators than those specified above. LEGAL SYSTEM AND STATE APPARATUS IN VIETNAM PART FOUR LEGAL PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS I. VIETNAM LAWYERS' ASSOCIATION: The Vietnam Lawyers 'Association was established on April 4, 1955. The Vietnam Lawyers' Association is the broadest and largest vocational organization of law- related professionals in the country. According to its charter, the Association is a social and political organization of Vietnamese citizens who have been working as lawyers in state or non-state organizations. The Lawyers' Association has the following tasks and powers: - Participate in publication of law books, legal research; participate in judicial reform, administrative reform, crime prevention; - Conduct social monitoring and social feedback, supervision of law enforcement, mediation at grassroots level, provide advice on settlement of complaints and disputes outside the state mechanism; - Conduct legal dissemination and education, law awareness for members, civil servants and people; - Provide legal consultancy, legal aid in accordance with the law; - Participate in the training, fostering and recruitment of some categories of judiciary officials (judges, procurators, people's jurors) and carry out other activities as prescribed by law; - Expand international cooperation with other lawyers' organizations in the region and the world; - Protect the legitimate rights and interests of the association and its members in accordance with the aims and purposes of the association; - Perform other duties and powers as stipulated in the Association Charter. Over the past 60 years of development, the Vietnam Lawyers' Association (VLA) has become the largest organization of Vietnamese lawyers. Currently the VLA has 63,000 members, with a wide network throughout the country at all levels, including the Central Vietnam Lawyers' Association based in Hanoi, one Provincial Lawyers' Associations in each of the 63 provinces, District Lawyers' Association at district level and commune Lawyers' Association at commune level. The highest organ of the Association is The National Congress of Representatives. It convences once every five years and decides most important issues concerning the organization and activities of the Association. The Central Executive Committee of the Association is the body acting between the meetings of the Congress. Its members are elected at the National Congress. The Executive Committee elects a Standing Committee, which consists of 20 or more (depending on decision of the National Congress each term) representatives from various VLA branches. The Standing Committee in turns elects the President, vice presidents, a General Secretary, which will form the Permanent Board of the VLA. II. VIETNAM BAR FEDERATION 1. Functions and network of the Vietnam Bar Federation The Vietnam Bar Federation (VBF) is established to represent and protect the lawful rights and interests of lawyers, to provide training for lawyers, to supervise the observance of law, ethical rules and conduct of lawyers and manage the lawyers' practice according to the law. VBF has a network of Bar Federation at central level and provincial bar associations at provincial level (63 Bar Associations in 63 provinces). 2. Vietnam Bar Federation at central level - The Vietnam Bar Federation is a social-professional organization of lawyers nationwide, which represents lawyers and bar associations, has the legal person status and operates on the principle of self-financing through membership fees, member contributions and other lawful income. - Members of the VBF are provincial bar associations and individual lawyers. Lawyers participate in activities of the Vietnam Bar Federation through their provincial Bar Association where they applied for membership. The VBF has the duty to represent and protect the legitimate rights and interests of provincial bar associations and lawyers nationwide; supervise the implementation of law and VBF Charter by lawyers and provincial bar associations; request the Ministry of Justice to revoke the law practice certificate of lawyers when needed; issue and supervise the observance of the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct of Lawyers; organize law training for lawyers; and other tasks and powers as prescribed by law. 3. Provincial Bar association The provincial bar association (PBA) is a social-professional organization of lawyers in the provinces operating under the Law on Lawyers and the Charter of the Vietnam Bar Federation. PBAs operate on the principle of self-financing by means of membership fees, member contributions and other lawful revenue sources. In each province where there are at least three lawyers, a PBA may be set up. People's committees of provinces shall authorize the establishment of PBAS after obtaining the consent of the Minister of Justice. 4. Practice of the foreign law firms and foreign lawyers in Vietnam Foreign law firms lawfully established and operated in foreign countries may be permitted to practice in Vietnam in accordance with the Vietnamese Law on Lawyers if they fully meet the following conditions: - Compliance with the Constitution and laws of Vietnam; - Having at least two foreign lawyers present and practicing in Vietnam for at least 183 days a year; - The head of a branch or the director of a foreign law firm in Vietnam must have at least two consecutive years of law practice. Foreign law firms can provide legal advice on foreign laws and assign Vietnamese lawyers working in their office to provide legal advice on Vietnamese laws. But they are not allowed to appoint foreign lawyers or Vietnamese lawyers working in their office to represent clients in Vietnamese courts or provide legal papers and notarization related to the Vietnamese law. |




